Hoyt's Pty Ltd v Spencer

[1919] HCA 64
27 CLR 133

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(Judgment by: Isaacs J)

Hoyt's Pty Ltd
vSpencer

Court:

Judges: Knox J

Isaacs JRich J

Legislative References:
Real Property Act 1900 - The Act

Hearing date:
Judgment date: 24 November 1919

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Judgment by:
Isaacs J

In this case it is essential to ascertain and keep steadily in view the cause of action alleged. The declaration is founded on an agreement consisting of a promise of the defendant upon a consideration given by the plaintiff. The consideration is either the promise of the plaintiff to take a lease or the actual taking of the lease. I think it immaterial, but if material it must, I think, be the actual taking of the lease because there could not possibly be any effect given to the promise or any breach of it except after the lease was actually taken. In any case the same result ensues.

Now, the consideration is stated to be that the plaintiff would take a lease and become lessee for the term mentioned "upon certain terms." That, in view of the plea and demurrer, is the same as if those terms were set out in the declaration. The declaration avers that the plaintiff took a lease "upon the said terms," and says "yet" the defendant broke his promise. In other words, it avers that the defendant, being entitled to the consideration agreed upon, received that consideration, and yet broke his promise. There is no denial-in fact it is conceded as the very groundwork of the action, as indeed it must be-that the defendant is entitled to have to the full every part of the consideration mentioned, which by the admission on demurrer includes the terms of the proviso, undiminished, unaltered, and unqualified, by anything which took place up to the time of the making of the lease.

Putting the argument in the best form for the appellant, it amounts to this: the respondent Spencer was to have the unqualified right as a matter of property to resume possession whenever he chose to exercise his power in terms of the proviso, but he was under a personal contractual obligation, by virtue of the collateral promise, not to exercise his property right except in accordance with the collateral promise. The answer to that, however, is that the argument rests on a fallacy. A lease is a contract. The position is very clearly set out in Bacon's Abridgement , 7th ed., vol. iv ., under the heading "Leases and Terms for Years." It is there said (at p. 632): "A lease for years is a contract between lessor and lessee, for the possession and profits of lands, & c., on the one side, and a recompense by rent, or other consideration, on the other." The learned author goes on to show that originally a lease for years was nothing but a contract, and was not such an act as transferred any property to the lessee, and that was one reason why leases for years are considered as chattels and go to executors. Then, in the time of Henry VII., it was resolved that the lessee should recover not merely damages as a recompense for possession lost, on the lessor's covenant, but should also recover the possession itself. That right continues, but it is based on the same fundamental character of the lease. All that is necessary to constitute the agreement a lease is that the intent of the parties should appear that it operated as a demise for a determinate time, the termini being therein contained or sufficiently indicated; if it does, it is a lease; if not, it may still be a binding (see Marshall v. Berridge ^[8] ) executory agreement for a lease ( Walsh v. Lonsdale ^[9] ) enforceable in equity and entitling the lessee to a formal lease.

The parties here are bound by the terms of the bargain personally, as well as in point of interest in the property; and the terms of the contract regulate and define their respective rights with reference to the property. The promise relied on is itself an open variation or qualification of the right conferred by the proviso in the lease; and it is an undeniable fact that by just so much the rights of the respondent are less than the agreed consideration for the promise. Nevertheless, the appellant insists that the promise must be strictly adhered to, and that the respondent, by exercising the power that incontestably exists under the unqualified proviso, has committed an actionable breach of agreement. The mere statement of the matter seems to me to answer the contention. But as the argument has occupied the attention of two Courts and concerns a topic of the law-collateral agreements-which touches every phase of contract-mercantile and otherwise-I think it desirable to state the way in which I view it.

When two parties are entering into contractual relations with respect to a given subject matter, they may (apart from special technical requirements) elect to conclude their bargain without writing, or they may elect to record it in writing, and, if in writing, they may further decide to have it under seal. But in whatever form they determine to leave their bargain, they may further agree to have one contract only, or to have separate and distinct contracts. All that is for the parties themselves to resolve upon. If they determine to make one contract only, then the terms they decide to include are the only terms that affect them contractually. It connotes that all else is abandoned. And that is the case whatever the form of the contract. If the matter is not committed to writing, though the principle is clear, the evidence is manifestly open to great dispute. But if the parties agree to commit their agreement to writing, then what is written is the conclusive record of the terms of their agreement, and, unless it can be shown that the document was not intended as the complete record of their bargain, no oral evidence can be admitted to alter or qualify it. I have stated my views on this point in Gordon v. Macgregor ^[10] , citing authorities. This principle applies even to the case where the agreement is partly written and partly verbal. To the extent to which the parties have deliberately agreed to record any part of their contract, that record stands unimpeachable by oral testimony ( Bank of Australasia v. Palmer ^[11] ). It may be that the parties have, in their discretion, chosen to record a single bargain in several documents contemporaneously, or so close in point of time that they are treated as being contemporaneously executed. In that case, as Jessel M.R. says in In re Wedgwood Coal and Iron Co .; Anderson's Case ^[12] , ambiguities and even inconsistencies have to be resolved and reconciled as best the Court can. The same thing is said by the same learned Judge in Smith v. Chadwick ^[13] . In such case, if there be an action on the whole agreement as one entire indivisible agreement, the whole of the documents are read together, and the words of one may have to be modified by the words of another. And if in this case the plaintiff were suing on one entire indivisible contract into the composition of which both the proviso in the lease and the promise alleged in the declaration entered, the plaintiff's position would be that the agreement would have to be treated very much as postulated by Sir George Jessel in Anderson's Case ^[14] . But the plaintiff is not suing upon such an entire indivisible contract. The contract contained in the lease is one under the Real Property Act , and by virtue of sec . 36 of that Act has the force of a deed. It could not be contended that the promise sued on (assuming, as perhaps by the rules of pleading we may be bound to assume, it was in writing though not under seal and not registered) was intended to be part of the one contract along with the proviso. If such were the appellant's contention the remedy would have been a suit for rectification or injunction at the proper time. At all events this is not the claim in the declaration. The claim is on the basis that there was no mistake in framing the main contract of lease, that that contract is complete in itself and correctly recorded, and that its only function now is as the sole consideration for the independent collateral agreement sued on. Ferguson J. truly says that no question arises here as to admissibility of evidence, such as parol evidence to affect a written document, or evidence of any kind to affect a deed, or evidence proper to found a claim for rectification of the lease, or in any other way. All the observations in the authorities as to parol evidence are beside the question, because it is to be assumed that the "agreement" as pleaded is established in fact. The only question on this demurrer is as to its legal effect; and up to this point I entirely agree with the view taken by Ferguson J. At one point I diverge; and that is, what is the legal force and effect to be given to the promise pleaded, having regard to the consideration on which it is alleged to be based, namely, the making of the lease with all the terms it contains? The contract contained in the lease is, as observed, complete in itself. It contains the mutual covenants and considerations of the parties, and it stands entirely on its own footing. A transferee would take it upon the very terms of the document and upon no others. And in that document the plaintiff says:-"I Hoyt's Proprietary Limited the within named lessee do hereby accept this lease as tenant subject to the conditions restrictions and covenants above set forth." But, though complete in itself as a contract, it might well play another part as consideration for another promise. In Heilbut's Case ^[15] Lord Moulton states the law in distinct terms. He says:-"It is evident, both on principle and on authority, that there may be a contract the consideration for which is the making of some other contract. If you will make such and such a contract I will give you one hundred pounds, is in every sense of the word a complete legal contract. It is collateral to the main contract, but each has an independent existence, and they do not differ in respect of their possessing to the full the character and status of a contract." Now that passage was read and relied on by Mr. Campbell . But though it supports him in principle, yet the same principle destroys his case. The main contract here, when utilized to form the consideration for the collateral contract, must be taken exactly as it is. Its provisions do not change according as it is considered as an independent contract or as a consideration for the collateral contract. A principle that must govern the bargain of a contractual promise made in consideration of entering into the main contract is that the parties shall have and be subject to all (not some only) of the respective benefits and burdens of the main contract. When the collateral promise is truly consistent with the main contract, that principle has full play. The main contract is not then interfered with. The collateral contract alters, as every contract must, the contractual relations of the parties; but it does not alter, and from the simple statement of the bargain is not intended to alter, the contractual relations which are established by the main contract. When both are worked out, it may be that in the final outcome the parties are in the same position as if those contractual relations had been varied. But the practical result cannot affect the independence and legal effect of each contract; and that is what we are here concerned with.

There is one case that I have found since the argument, where the principle is well stated. Carter v. Salmon ^[16] was a case which up to a point was singularly like the present. A agreed in writing to let a farm to B. The agreement reserved a rent payable at stated intervals, and provided that A should put the premises in repair. B alleged that prior to the agreement being signed A promised verbally that if B would take the farm the buildings should be put into a thorough state of repair, and that no rent should be demanded till this was done; and that, on the faith of that, B took the farm. At that point the facts varied. A mortgaged the farm to C, and C distrained on B, who set up the parol agreement. It was held that C, having taken without notice, was not bound by the parol promise, but James and Cotton L.JJ. were very clear that even as between A and B the parol agreement was unavailable as an actionable collateral agreement inasmuch as it altered the operation of the written agreement. James L.J., referring to the cases cited of the type of Lindley v. Lacey ^[17] , said ^[18] :-"The only principle upon which those cases have been decided is that it is a collateral agreement, resulting in a distinct right of action between the parties to it, and in no way qualifying or contradicting or affecting the rights of the parties under the written agreement. Under this written instrument I doubt myself very much whether anything of the kind could be set up, even against Mr. Smith" (that is, A) "himself. It would not be a collateral agreement, the subject of a distinct action, but it might be set up as a counterclaim if Mr. Smith were a plaintiff in the action." The Lord Justice evidently meant by "counterclaim" one for rectification or injunction in equity. Cotton L.J. said ^[19] : "This supposed agreement-for I will assume it exists-contradicts the term of the written contract under which the plaintiff holds, and if there were no other objection, there would be an objection to admitting that to impose upon the defendant the obligation of abiding by this supposed agreement, which is inconsistent with the terms of the holding of the plaintiff under the written contract." The Lord Justice then proceeded to show that, if good as a collateral agreement, it would not affect the rights of the landlord quâ landlord, and therefore would not affect the mortgagee without notice. And he gave no opinion as to an equity against Smith. But the passages I have quoted, though obiter, are sufficiently strong to show that the opinions of those very learned Judges on the points relevant here were quite opposed to the present appellant's first contention, viz., that, even assuming inconsistency between the so-called collateral contract and the main contract, the collateral contract would bind the respondent. I may add that in arguendo Cotton L.J. said ^[20] : "Where there is a contract and a term is left out, a collateral agreement as to that term may be supplied."

The truth is that a collateral contract, which may be either antecedent or contemporaneous (per Erle C.J. and Byles J. in Lindley v. Laccy ^[21] and per Cockburn C.J. in Angell v. Duke ^[22] ), being supplementary only to the main contract, cannot impinge on it, or alter its provisions or the rights created by it ; consequently, where the main contract is relied on as the consideration in whole or part for the promise contained in the collateral contract, it is a wholly inconsistent and impossible contention that the other party is not to have the full benefit of the main contract as made; and the appellant's first contention is therefore unsound. If in any case the Court finds two enforceable agreements executed in such circumstances that one is intended to affect the other, no doubt such effect will be given to them as the superimposing operation of the governing contract requires; but in that case it is not collateral, but dominant. (See the observations of Fry J. in Gartside v. Silkstone and Dodworth Coal and Iron Co . ^[23] .)

It only remains to consider whether the alleged promise does leave the contractual rights of the respondent under the main contract unimpaired. Ex concessis , it does not. The very argument on which the claim is founded is that but for the additional promise the respondent had the power by virtue of the proviso to do what he did. And the plaintiff's case is that that power was cut down by the further promise. There is at once a conflict between the two, with the result that the appellant, though in one breath conceding the full extent of the proviso as a consideration, yet, in the next, cuts it down almost to the point of rendering it nugatory.

In my opinion the judgment should be affirmed, and this appeal dismissed.