Product Ruling

PR 2001/168

Income tax: 1998 Timbercorp Eucalypts Project

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FOI status:

May be released

Preamble

No guarantee of commercial success

The Australian Taxation Office (ATO) does not sanction or guarantee this product. Further, we give no assurance that the product is commercially viable, that charges are reasonable, appropriate or represent industry norms, or that projected returns will be achieved or are reasonably based.

Participants must form their own view about the commercial and financial viability of the product. This involves a consideration of important issues such as whether projected returns are realistic, the 'track record' of the management, the level of fees in comparison to similar products, how this product fits an existing portfolio, etc. We recommend a financial (or other) adviser be consulted for such information.

This Product Ruling provides certainty for participants by confirming that the tax benefits set out below in the Ruling part of this document are available provided that the arrangement is carried out in accordance with the information we have been given and have described below in the Arrangement part of this document.

If the arrangement is not carried out as described below, participants lose the protection of this Product Ruling. Participants may wish to seek assurances from the promoter that the arrangement has been carried out as described in this Product Ruling.

Participants should be aware that the ATO will be undertaking review activities to confirm the arrangement has been implemented as described below and to ensure that the participants in the arrangement include in their income tax returns income derived in those future years.

Terms of Use of this Product Ruling

This Product Ruling has been given on the basis that the person(s) who applied for the Ruling, and their associates, will abide by strict terms of use. Any failure to comply with the terms of use may lead to the withdrawal of this Ruling.

What this Product Ruling is about

1. This Ruling sets out the Commissioner's opinion on the way in which the 'tax laws' identified below apply to the defined class of persons, who take part in the arrangement to which this Ruling relates. In this Ruling this arrangement is sometimes referred to as the 1998 Timbercorp Eucalypts Project, or simply as 'the Project'.

Tax laws

2. The tax law dealt with in this Ruling is:

•

Division 35 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 ('ITAA 1997');

Goods and Services Tax

3. In this Ruling all fees and expenditure referred to include Goods and Services Tax ('GST') where applicable. In order for an entity (referred to in this Ruling as a 'Grower') to be entitled to claim input tax credits for the GST included in its expenditure, it must be registered or required to be registered for GST and hold a valid tax invoice.

Changes in the Law

4. The Government is currently evaluating further changes to the tax system in response to the Ralph Review of Business Taxation and continuing business tax reform is expected to be implemented over a number of years. Although this Ruling deals with the taxation legislation enacted at the time it was issued, later amendments may impact on this Ruling. Any such changes will take precedence over the application of this Ruling and, to that extent, this Ruling will be superseded.

5. Taxpayers participating in the Project are advised to confirm with their taxation adviser that changes in the law have not affected this Product Ruling since it was issued.

Note to promoters and advisers

6. Product Rulings were introduced for the purpose of providing certainty about tax consequences for participants in projects such as this. In keeping with that intention, the Tax Office suggests that promoters and advisers ensure that participants are fully informed of any legislative changes after the Ruling is issued.

Class of persons

7. The class of persons to whom this Ruling applies is those persons who were accepted into the Project between 16 March 1998 and 15 March 1999. They will have a purpose of staying in the arrangement until it is completed (ie, being a party to the relevant Agreements until their term expires) and deriving assessable income from this involvement. In this Ruling these persons are referred to as 'Growers'.

8. The class of persons to whom this Ruling applies does not include persons who have terminated or who intend to terminate their involvement in the arrangement prior to its completion, or who otherwise do not intend to derive assessable income from the Project.

Qualifications

9. The Commissioner rules on the precise arrangement identified in the Ruling. If the arrangement described in the Ruling is materially different from the arrangement that is actually carried out, the Ruling has no binding effect on the Commissioner. The Ruling will be withdrawn or modified.

10. A Product Ruling may only be reproduced in its entirety. Extracts may not be reproduced. As each Product Ruling is copyright, apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no Product Ruling may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from the Commonwealth. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to the Manager, Legislative Services, AusInfo, GPO Box 1920, Canberra ACT 2601.

Date of effect

11. This Ruling applies prospectively from 19 December 2001 for Growers who, between 16 March 1998 and 15 March 1999, entered into the specified arrangement that is set out below. However, the Ruling does not apply to taxpayers to the extent that it conflicts with the terms of settlement of a dispute agreed to before the date of issue of the Ruling (see paragraphs 21 and 22 of Taxation Ruling TR 92/20).

12. If a taxpayer has a more favourable private ruling (which is legally binding), the taxpayer can rely on that private ruling if the income year to which it relates has ended or has commenced but not yet ended. However if the arrangement covered by the private ruling has not commenced, and the income year to which it relates has not yet commenced, this Ruling applies to the taxpayer to the extent of the inconsistency only (see Taxation Determination TD 93/34).

Withdrawal

13. This Product Ruling is withdrawn and ceases to have effect after 30 June 2002. The Ruling continues to apply, even following its withdrawal, in respect of the tax laws ruled upon, to all persons within the specified class who entered into the specified arrangement that is set out below between 16 March 1998 and 15 March 1999. This is subject to there being no material difference in the arrangement or in the persons' involvement in the arrangement.

Arrangement

14. The arrangement that is the subject of this Ruling is described below. The relevant documents or parts of documents incorporated into this description of the arrangement are:

•

Application for Product Ruling dated 31 July 2001;

•

Prospectus for the 1998 Timbercorp Eucalypts Project lodged with the Australian Securities Commission on 16 March 1998;

•

Agency Deed between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited (now, Timbercorp Limited) ('Timbercorp') and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Seventh Supplemental Deed between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Sub-lease (Single Rotation ) between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Sub-lease (Double Rotation ) between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Management Agreement (Single Rotation ) between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Management Agreement (Double Rotation )between the Grower, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Finance Package - One Rotation Growers which incorporates the Loan Agreement between Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd and the Grower;

•

Finance Package - Two Rotation Growers which incorporates the Loan Agreement between Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd and the Grower;

•

Pro-forma Head Lease called the Master Lease and Forestry Property Agreement between Timbercorp Lands Pty Ltd and Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited;

•

Head Sub-lease between Bunnings Treefarms Pty Ltd, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Plantation Services Agreement between Bunnings Treefarms Pty Ltd, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and Permanent Trustee Company Limited;

•

Wood Purchase Agreement between Bunnings Treefarms Pty Ltd, Timbercorp Eucalypts Limited and the Permanent Trustee Company Limited; and

•

Correspondence and attachments from the Tax Adviser dated 1 November 2001 and 3 December 2001.

NOTE: certain information received has been provided on a commercial-in-confidence basis and will not be disclosed or released under Freedom of Information legislation.

15. The documents highlighted are those which Growers entered into or became a party to. The Loan Agreement was executed where a Grower successfully applied for finance from Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd. There are no other agreements, whether formal or informal, and whether or not legally enforceable, which a Grower, or any associate of the Grower, was or is a party to.

16. All Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) requirements are, or will be, complied with for the term of the agreements. The effect of the agreements may be summarised as follows.

Overview

17. The arrangement is the 1998 Timbercorp Eucalypts Project. The salient features of the Project are shown in the table below.

18. The project land is located in south west of Western Australia and/or western Victoria. Timbercorp has in existence Head Leases and Head Sub-leases to lease or sub-lease the properties that have been sub-leased to Growers. Subscription to the Project was offered through the 1998 prospectus. The Project was registered as a Prescribed Interests Scheme with the Australian Securities Commission on 16 March 1998.

19. Growers participating in the Project entered into a Sub-lease and a Management Agreement. Growers leased a parcel of land with a net plantable area of approximately one hectare called a 'Woodlot' from Timbercorp. A Grower must have applied for a minimum of 3 Woodlots. A total of 20 Woodlots must have been applied for before any Woodlot was allocated under the prospectus.

20. Growers who subscribed had the following options:

•

One rotation Growers - these Growers elected to participate in the single rotation of trees. The relevant agreements specific to these Growers were Sub-lease (Single Rotation) and Management Agreement (Single Rotation). Growers will be given the opportunity to participate in a second rotation following first harvest. If this proceeds, another Sub-lease and Management Agreement will be entered into; and

•

Two rotation Growers - these Growers elected to participate in two rotation of the trees. The relevant agreements specific to these Growers were Sub-lease (Double Rotation) and Management Agreement (Double Rotation). The second rotation is expected to be harvested after approximately 8 years after the first rotation.

Sub-lease Agreement

21. Growers participating in the Project were granted an interest in land by Timbercorp Eucalypts Ltd in the form of a Sub-lease to use and occupy their Woodlots for the purpose of conducting their afforestation business. The Sub-lease gives the Grower a lease over identifiable areas of land (each 1 hectare, called a 'Woodlot') until the final distribution of the sale proceeds is made to the Grower or until the Project is terminated. Growers are not entitled to assign the Sub-lease Agreement except in certain circumstances.

22. The Sub-lease provides that Growers must:

•

use the Woodlots solely for growing, tending and harvesting plantations of eucalyptus trees;

•

repair any damage caused by the Grower to any roads, tracks or fences on their Woodlot or neighbouring land;

•

take all reasonable steps to avoid interfering with activities carried out on neighbouring lands; and

•

permit the Project Manager to enter the land for the purpose of carrying out its obligations under the Sub-lease.

Management Agreement

23. The Management Agreement provides that a Grower appoints Timbercorp Eucalypts Ltd as the Project Manager to perform services under the agreement. Growers are not entitled to assign the Management Agreement except in certain circumstances.

24. Under this agreement, Timbercorp must, amongst other things:

•

maintain the Woodlot according to sound silvicultural and environmental practices;

•

acquire the seeds or seedlings for planting;

•

establish, tend and maintain the Trees;

•

for first rotation, harvest the wood between 45 days prior to 8 years after planting and 45 days prior to 12 years after planting;

•

for second rotation, harvest the wood between 16 years after first planting and one day prior to expiry of the term of the relevant Sub-lease;

•

ensure the construction and maintenance of firebreaks;

•

take reasonable steps to control any plants or animals on or about the Woodlot;

•

keep a public insurance policy; and

•

make all reasonable endeavours to obtain all required State and Commonwealth government approvals, licences and permission for establishment of the Trees.

25. As agent for the Grower, Timbercorp will sell the wood for as high a price as it can reasonably achieve. Growers execute a power of attorney enabling the Project Manager to act on their behalf in entering Wood Purchase Agreement with the Purchaser, or any other agreement for the sale of the Grower's wood.

Timbercorp Agency Deed

26. The Project was established under an Agency Deed. The Trustee, Permanent Trustee Company Limited, acts as the representative of the Growers subject to the terms and conditions contained in the Deed.

27. The Agency Deed dated 1 May 1992 was amended by the first supplemental deed dated 29 March 1993, the second supplemental deed dated 3 May 1993, the third supplemental deed dated 21 April 1994, the fourth supplemental deed dated 11 April 1995, the fifth supplemental deed dated 2 April 1996, the sixth supplemental deed dated 3 March 1997 and the seventh supplemental deed dated 12 March 1998. There were no other supplemental deeds executed between 29 March 1993 and 12 March 1998.

Fees for one rotation Growers

28. An annual rent of $240 on a per Woodlot basis (indexed to the CPI from 30 June 1998) is payable under the Sub-lease.

29. The fees payable under the Management Agreement on a per Woodlot basis are as follows:

•

plantation preparation and establishment fee of $3,510;

•

annual plantation maintenance fee of $75 (indexed to CPI from 30 June 1998); and

•

charges upon harvest as follows;

(a)

harvest supervision/management fee of 3% of stumpage price;

(b)

harvest and delivery costs; and

(c)

Grower's Representative fee of 0.5% of stumpage price less harvest supervision fee.

30. Under the financial hardship provision of the Management Agreement, Growers can apply to have their remaining annual rent and maintenance fees from year 6 paid by Timbercorp in return for 5% of their sale proceeds for each year in which the costs are paid by Timbercorp.

Fees for two rotation Growers

31. The fees payable under the Sub-lease on a per Woodlot basis are as follows:

•

initial rent of $240; and

•

$4,320 annual rent for the period 30 June 1999 to 30 June 2017.

32. The fees payable under the Management Agreement on a per Woodlot basis are as follows:

•

plantation preparation and establishment fee of $3,510;

•

$4,450 for plantation maintenance fee for the period 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2017; and

•

charges upon harvest as follows;

(d)

harvest supervision/management fee of 3% of stumpage price;

(e)

harvest and delivery costs; and

(f)

Grower's Representative fee of 0.5% of stumpage price less harvest supervision fee.

33. The fees identified above are payable in accordance with the Schedule attached to the respective Sub-lease and Management Agreement. For one rotation Growers who were accepted on or before 30 June 1998, the initial annual rent and plantation preparation and establishment fee were payable on or before 30 June 1998 and the subsequent annual rent and plantation maintenance fee were payable on 31 May each year.

34. For two rotation Growers who were accepted on or before 30 June 1998, the initial annual rent and plantation preparation and establishment fee were payable on or before 30 June 1998 and the annual rent and plantation maintenance fee for the period 30 June 1999 to 30 June 2017 were payable on or before 1 July 1998.

Planting and Harvest

35. Up to 4,000 Woodlots were offered for subscription under the prospectus with the option to accept oversubscription. The Woodlots were planted within 13 months of subscription. The Woodlots (up to 4,000) were planted in winter 1998 and further Woodlots (including oversubscriptions) were planted by July 1999. Timbercorp maintains the trees in accordance with good silvicultural practice, provides ongoing reports to the Growers on the progress of the plantations and Timbercorp will be responsible for arranging the marketing, harvesting and sale of the wood, with the Grower kept informed of the details, including proposed purchase price and harvesting and delivery costs. The first harvest will take place approximately between June 2006 and June 2010 for 1998 plantings or approximately between April 2007 and April 2011 for 1999 plantings or as otherwise agreed in writing between the Grower and Timbercorp.

36. Wood proceeds and costs are pooled to keep separate the year 1998 and year 1999 plantings as well as one and two rotation Growers. Each Grower is entitled to a proportionate share of the proceeds out of their respective pool(s), less their proportionate share of Harvesting and Delivery costs, including the Harvest supervision fee. Timbercorp Eucalypts Ltd is entitled to one third of any proceeds in excess of those shown in the prospectus. The projected proceeds and returns if harvests will be undertaken 10 years after planting are shown in the prospectus.

Finance

37. Growers may have funded their participation in the Project themselves, borrowed from Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd (a wholly owned subsidiary of Timbercorp Eucalypts Ltd) or borrowed from an independent lender.

38. The finance offered by Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd was made on a full recourse basis and borrowers are or were required to pay the loan by equal monthly instalments of principal and interest. The interest rate varied depending on the term of the loan. The terms of the loan provide that security was given over the Grower's interest in the Project including the Woodlots allocated to that Grower.

39. This Ruling does not apply if the finance arrangement entered into by the Grower includes or has any of the following features:

•

there are split loan features of a type referred to in Taxation Ruling TR 98/22;

•

there are indemnity arrangements or other collateral agreements in relation to the loan designed to limit the borrower's risk;

•

'additional benefits' are or will be granted to the borrowers for the purpose of section 82KL or the funding arrangements transform the Project into a 'scheme' to which Part IVA may apply;

•

the loan or rate of interest is non-arm's length;

•

repayments of the principal and payments of interest are linked to the derivation of income from the Project;

•

the funds borrowed, or any part of them, will not be available for the conduct of the Project but will be transferred (by any mechanism, directly or indirectly) back to the lender or any associate of the lender;

•

lenders do not have the capacity under the loan agreement, or a genuine intention, to take legal action against defaulting borrowers; or

•

entities associated with the Project, other than Timbercorp Finance Pty Ltd, are involved or become involved in the provision of finance to Growers for the Project.

Ruling

Division 35 - Deferral of losses from non-commercial business activities

Section 35-55 - Commissioner's discretion

40. For a Grower who is an individual and who entered the Project between 16 March 1998 and 15 March 1999 the rule in section 35-10 may apply to the business activity comprised by their involvement in this Project. Under paragraph 35-55(1)(b) the Commissioner has decided that the rule in section 35-10 does not apply to this business activity in the income years specified as follows:

•

for a Grower whose Woodlot was planted in 1998, the income years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2007; and

•

for a Grower whose Woodlot was planted in 1999, the income years ended 30 June 2001 to 30 June 2008.

This is provided that the Project has been, and continues during the remainder of the term of the Project, to be carried on in a manner that is not materially different to that described in the arrangement that is set out in paragraphs 14 to 39 of this Product Ruling.

41. This exercise of the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) will not be required where, for any year in question:

•

the 'exception' in subsection 35-10(4) applies (see paragraph 47 in the Explanations part of this ruling, below); or

•

a Grower's business activity satisfies one of the tests in sections 35-30, 35-35, 35-40 or 35-45; or

•

the Grower's business activity produces assessable income for an income year greater than the deductions attributable to it for that year (apart from the operation of subsection 35-10(2); or

•

the Commissioner is precluded from exercising the discretion under paragraph 35-55(1)(b) because of subsection 35-55(2).

42. Where, the exception in subsection 35-10(4) applies, or the Grower's business activity satisfies one of the tests, or the discretion in subsection 35-55(1) is exercised section 35-10 will not apply. This means that a Grower will not be required to defer any excess of deductions attributable to their business activity in excess of any assessable income from that activity, i.e., any 'loss' from that activity, to a later year. Instead, this 'loss' can be offset against other assessable income for the year in which it arises.

43. Growers are reminded of the important statement made on Page 1 of this Product Ruling. Therefore, Growers should not see the Commissioner's decision to exercise the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(b) as an indication that the Tax Office sanctions or guarantees the Project or the product to be commercially viable. An assessment of the Project or the product from this perspective has not been made.

Explanations

Division 35 - Deferral of losses from non-commercial business activities

44. Division 35 applies to losses from certain business activities for the income year ended 30 June 2001 and subsequent years. Under the rule in subsection 35-10(2), a deduction for a loss made by an individual (including an individual in a general law partnership) from certain business activities will not be taken into account in an income year unless:

•

the exception in subsection 35-10(4) applies;

•

one of four tests in sections 35-30, 35-35, 35-40 or 35-45 is met; or

•

if one of the tests is not satisfied, the Commissioner exercises the discretion in section 35-55.

45. Generally, a loss in this context is, for the income year in question, the excess of an individual taxpayer's allowable deductions attributable to the business activity over that taxpayer's assessable income from the business activity.

46. Losses that cannot be taken into account in a particular year of income, because of subsection 35-10(2), can be applied to the extent of future profits from the business activity, or are deferred until one of the tests is passed, the discretion is exercised, or the exception applies.

47. For the purposes of applying Division 35, subsection 35-10(3) allows taxpayers to group business activities 'of a similar kind'. Under subsection 35-10(4), there is an 'exception' to the general rule in subsection 35-10(2) where the loss is from a primary production business and the individual taxpayer has other assessable income for the income year from sources not related to that activity, of less than $40,000 (excluding any net capital gain). As both subsections relate to the individual circumstances of Growers who participate in the Project they are beyond the scope of this Product Ruling and are not considered further.

48. In broad terms, the tests require:

(a)

at least $20,000 of assessable income in that year from the business activity (section 35-30);

(b)

the business activity results in a taxation profit in 3 of the past 5 income years (including the current year) (section 35-35);

(c)

at least $500,000 of real property, or an interest in real property, (excluding any private dwelling) is used on a continuing basis in carrying on the business activity in that year (section 35-40); or

(d)

at least $100,000 of certain other assets (excluding cars, motor cycles and similar vehicle) are used on a continuing basis in carrying on the business activity in that year (section 35-45).

49. A Grower who was accepted into and who has participated in the Project since 16 March 1998 is carrying on a business activity that is subject to these provisions.

50. Information provided with the application for this Product Ruling and additional information provided since, indicates that a Grower who acquired the minimum allocation of 3 interest(s) in the Project and whose Woodlot was planted in 1998 is unlikely to have their business activity pass one of the tests until the income year ended 30 June 2008.

51. Information provided with the application for this Product Ruling and additional information provided since, also indicates that a Grower who acquired the minimum allocation of 3 interest(s) in the Project and whose Woodlot was planted in 1999 is unlikely to have their business activity pass one of the tests until the income year ended 30 June 2009.

52. Prior to these respective times, unless the Commissioner exercises an arm of the discretion under paragraphs 35-55(1)(a) or (b), the rule in subsection 35-10(2) will apply to defer to a future income year any loss that arises from the Grower's participation in the Project.

53. The first arm of the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(a) relates to 'special circumstances' applicable to the business activity, and has no relevance for the purposes of this Product Ruling. However, the second arm of the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(b) may be exercised by the Commissioner where:

(i)

the business activity has started to be carried on;

(ii)

because of its nature, it has not yet met one of the tests set out in Division 35; and

(iii)

there is an expectation that the business activity of an individual taxpayer will either pass one of the tests or produce a taxation profit within a period that is commercially viable for the industry concerned.

54. The information provided by the applicant indicates that a Grower who acquired the minimum allocation of 3 interest(s) in the Project and whose Woodlot was planted in 1998 is expected to be carrying on a business activity that will either pass one of the tests, or produce a taxation profit, for the year ended 30 June 2008. The Commissioner has decided for such a Grower that it would be reasonable to exercise the second arm of the discretion until the year ended 30 June 2007. Subsection 35-55(2) prevents the Commissioner exercising the discretion for these Growers beyond the year ended 30 June 2007.

55. The information provided by the applicant also indicates that a Grower who acquired the minimum allocation of 3 interest(s) in the Project and whose Woodlot was planted in 1999 is expected to be carrying on a business activity that will either pass one of the tests, or produce a taxation profit, for the year ended 30 June 2009. The Commissioner has decided for such a Grower that it would be reasonable to exercise the second arm of the discretion until the year ended 30 June 2008. Subsection 35-55(2) prevents the Commissioner exercising the discretion for these Growers beyond the year ended 30 June 2008.

56. The applicant has stated that the business activity comprised by a Grower's involvement in this Project has started to be carried on, and will continue to be carried on in a manner that is not materially different to that described in the arrangement that is set out in paragraphs 14 to 39 of this Product Ruling. If, however, the Project is not carried on during the income years specified above (see paragraph 40), in the manner described in the arrangement, this Ruling may be affected. Specifically, the decision in relation to paragraph 35-55(1)(b), that it would be unreasonable that the loss deferral rule in subsection 35-10(2) not apply, may be affected, because the Ruling no longer applies (see paragraph 9). Growers may need to apply for private rulings on how paragraph 35-55(1)(b) will apply in such changed circumstances.

57. In deciding to exercise the discretion in paragraph 35-55(1)(b) the Commissioner has relied upon:

•

the report of the independent forester; and

•

independent, objective, and generally available information relating to the afforestation industry.

Detailed contents list

58. Below is a detailed contents list for this Product Ruling:

Commissioner of Taxation
19 December 2001

Not previously issued in draft form

References

ATO references:
NO T2001/010443

Related Rulings/Determinations:

PR 1999/95
TR 92/1
TR 92/20
TR 97/11
TR 97/16
TD 93/34
TR 98/22

Subject References:
carrying on a business
commencement of business
fee expenses
interest expenses
management fees
producing assessable income
product rulings
public rulings
taxation administration
tax avoidance
tax benefits under tax avoidance
tax shelters
tax shelters project

Legislative References:
ITAA 1936 Part IVA
ITAA 1936 82KL
ITAA 1997 Div 35
ITAA 1997 35-10
ITAA 1997 35-10(2)
ITAA 1997 35-10(3)
ITAA 1997 35-10(4)
ITAA 1997 35-30
ITAA 1997 35-35
ITAA 1997 35-40
ITAA 1997 35-45
ITAA 1997 35-55
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)
ITAA 1997 35-55(2)
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)(a)
ITAA 1997 35-55(1)(b)