Edited version of private advice

Authorisation Number: 1051975194023

Date of advice: 2 May 2022

Ruling

Subject: Residency

Question

Am I a resident of Australia from 30 June 20XX?

Answer

No.

This ruling applies for the following periods:

Year ending 30 June 20XX

Year ending 30 June 20XX

Year ending 30 June 20XX

The scheme commences on:

7 October 20XX

Relevant facts and circumstances

You were born in Australia and are an Australian citizen.

You work for a company that is based in Country X.

You began working remotely for the company whilst living in Australia.

You relocated to Country X on 7 October 20XX and continue to work for the company.

You received a visa which allows you to live and work in Country X for up to X years.

The company you work for sponsors your visa.

You have a spouse who is also an Australian citizen.

Your spouse has also relocated to Country X.

Your spouse worked remotely in Australia and expects to continue to work remotely in Country X.

Your extended family lives in Australia.

You do not have any dependants.

You do not intend to return to Australia to live for at least X years.

You plan to make occasional return visits to Australia to visit your parents.

You own a property in Australia which is currently being rented out.

The property you were living in prior to relocating to Country X is owned by your spouse.

This property has also been rented out and is managed by real estate agents.

You intend to purchase a property in Australia with your cousin which would either be rented out or be used for your cousin to live in.

You intend to take short holidays for leisure purposes with your spouse to various countries during June 20XX and July 20XX.

When completing incoming and outgoing passenger cards, you state that you live in Country X and are a resident of that country.

You are a resident of Country X for taxation purposes.

You intend to apply for citizenship and permanent residency after living in Country X for X years.

Your employer has offered to assist you with your application for permanent residency.

You intend to notify the Australian Electoral Commission that you have departed Australia.

You have advised your private health insurance provider to suspend or cancel your policy.

You have a bank account in Country X.

Your household effects were either sold, discarded, or given away prior to you relocating to Country X.

Your personal effects were left at your spouse's parents' home in Australia.

You have redirected your mail to Country X.

You are not a Commonwealth of Australia Government employee for superannuation (super) purposes.

Neither you nor your spouse are members of the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS) which was established under the Superannuation Act 1990.

You have cancelled most of your Australian bank accounts with the exemption of your X and Y bank accounts.

You do not hold any Australian community memberships.

Relevant legislative provisions

Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 Subsection 6(1)

Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 Subsection 995-1(1)

Reasons for decision

Question

Section 995-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (ITAA 1997) defines an Australian resident for tax purposes as a person who is a resident of Australia for the purposes of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (ITAA 1936).

The terms resident and resident of Australia, as applied to an individual, are defined in subsection 6(1) of the ITAA 1936.

The definition offers four tests to ascertain whether each individual taxpayer is a resident of Australia for income tax purposes. These tests are:

•         the resides test,

•         the domicile test,

•         the 183 day test, and

•         the superannuation test.

The primary test for deciding the residency status of an individual is whether they reside in Australia according to the ordinary meaning of the word resides.

Where an individual does not reside in Australia according to ordinary concepts, they will still be an Australian resident if they meet the conditions of one of the other tests.

The resides test

The ordinary meaning of the word 'reside', according to the Macquarie Dictionary, 2001, rev. 3^rd edition, The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, NSW, is 'to dwell permanently or for a considerable time; having one's abode for a time', and according to the Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (1987), is 'to dwell permanently, or for a considerable time, to have one's settled or usual abode, to live in or at a particular place'. These definitions have been highlighted in cases as being definitive observations of the meaning of resides (see Viscount LC in Levene v Commissioners of Inland Revenue [1928] AC 217 and Logan J in Stockton v Federal Commissioner of Taxation [2019] FCA 1679).

The observations contained in the case of Hafza v Director-General of Social Security (1985) 6 FCR 444 are also important:

Physical presence and intention will coincide for most of the time. But few people are always at home. Once a person has established a home in a particular place - even involuntarily: see Commissioners of Inland Revenue v Lysaght [1928] AC 234 at 248; and Keil v Keil [1947] VLR 383 - a person does not necessarily cease to be resident there because he or she is physically absent. The test is whether the person has retained a continuity of association with the place - Levene v Inland Revenue Commissioners [1928] AC 217 at 225 and Judd v Judd (1957) 75 WN (NSW) 147 at 149 - together with an intention to return to that place and an attitude that that place remains " home ": see Norman v Norman (No 3) (1969) 16 FLR 231 at 235... [W]here the general concept is applicable, it is obvious that, as residence of a place in which a person is not physically present depends upon an intention to return and to continue to treat that place as " home ", a change of intention may be decisive of the question whether residence in a particular place has been maintained.

Case law decisions have considered the following factors in relation to whether the taxpayer was a resident under the 'resides' test:

•         Physical presence

•         Intention or purpose of presence

•         Family and business/employment ties

•         Maintenance and location of assets, and

•         Social and living arrangements

These factors are similar to those which the Commissioner has said are relevant in determining the residency status of individuals in Taxation Ruling IT 2650 Residency: Permanent place of abode outside Australia and Taxation Ruling TR 98/17 Income tax: residency status of individuals entering Australia.

It is important to note that not one single factor is decisive, and the weight given to each factor depends on each individual's circumstances.

We consider that your circumstances will not be consistent with residing in Australia.

This is because:

•         You have been living in Country X since October 20XX.

•         You work for a company in Country X.

•         You don't intend to return to Australia to live for at least X years.

•         Your spouse also lives with you in Country X.

•         You are leasing your property in Australia and not living in it.

•         You have redirected your mail to Country X.

•         You intend to apply for permanent residency in Country X once you are eligible to do so.

You are not a resident of Australia under the resides test.

Domicile test

Under the domicile test, you are a resident of Australia if your domicile is in Australia unless the Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia.

Domicile

Whether your domicile is Australia is determined by the Domicile Act 1982 and the common law rules on domicile.

Your domicile is your domicile of origin (usually the domicile of your father at the time of your birth) unless you have acquired a domicile of choice elsewhere. To acquire a domicile of choice of a particular country you must be lawfully present there and you must hold the positive intention to make that country your home indefinitely. Your domicile continues until you acquire a different domicile. Whether your domicile has changed depends on an objective consideration of all relevant facts.

In your case, you were born in Australia and your domicile of origin is Australia.

It is considered that you have not abandoned your domicile of origin in Australia and acquired a domicile of choice in Country X. You are not entitled to reside in Country X indefinitely and while living in Country X, you only hold a work visa which is valid until 20XX.

Permanent place of abode

If you have an Australian domicile, you are an Australian resident unless the Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia. This is a question of fact to be determined in light of all the facts and circumstances of each case.

'Permanent' does not mean everlasting or forever, but it is to be distinguished from temporary or transitory.

The courts have held that the phrase 'permanent place of abode' calls for a consideration of the town or country where a person is located. It does not extend to more than one country, or a region of the world.

The Full Federal Court in Harding v Commissioner of Taxation [2019] FCA 29 held at paragraphs 36 and 40 that key considerations in determining whether a taxpayer has his or her permanent place of abode outside Australia are:

a)    whether the taxpayer has definitely abandoned, in a permanent way, living in Australia; and

b)    whether the taxpayer is living permanently in a specific country.

Paragraph 23 of IT 2650 sets out the following factors which are used by the Commissioner in reaching a state of satisfaction as to a taxpayer's permanent place of abode:

a)     the intended and actual length of the taxpayer's stay in the overseas country;

b)     whether the taxpayer intended to stay in the overseas country only temporarily and then to move on to another country or to return to Australia at some definite point in time;

c)     whether the taxpayer has established a home (in the sense of dwelling place; a house or other shelter that is the fixed residence of a person, a family, or a household), outside Australia;

d)     whether any residence or place of abode exists in Australia or has been abandoned because of the overseas absence;

e)     the duration and continuity of the taxpayer's presence in the overseas country; and

f)      the durability of association that the person has with a particular place in Australia, i.e. maintaining assets in Australia, informing government departments such as the Department of Social Security that he or she is leaving permanently and that family allowance payments should be stopped, place of education of the taxpayer's children, family ties and so on.

As with the factors under the resides test, no one single factor is decisive, and the weight given to each factor depends on the individual circumstances.

The Commissioner is satisfied that your permanent place of abode is outside Australia. This takes into account that:

•         You have been living in Country X since October 20XX.

•         Your spouse also lives with you in Country X.

•         You work for a company in Country X.

•         You are leasing your property in Australia and not living in it.

•         You don't intend to return to Australia for at least X years.

Therefore, you are not a resident of Australia under this test.

183-day test

Where a person is present in Australia for 183 days during the year of income the person will be a resident, unless the Commissioner is satisfied that the person's usual place of abode is outside Australia, and the person does not intend to take up residence in Australia.

You will not be present in Australia for 183 days or more during the relevant income years.

You are not a resident under this test.

Superannuation Test

An individual is a resident of Australia if they are either a member of the superannuation scheme established by deed under the Superannuation Act 1990 or an eligible employee for the purposes of the Superannuation Act 1976, or they are the spouse, or the child under 16, of such a person.

You are not a contributing member of the Public Sector Superannuation Scheme (PSS) or the Commonwealth Superannuation Scheme (CSS) or a spouse of such a person, or a child under 16 of such a person.

Therefore, you are not a resident under this test.

Conclusion

As you do not satisfy any of the four tests of residency, you are not a resident of Australia for income tax purposes from when you departed Australia.